Introduction
This book is the
requirement for Internship 17th Final Exam in Pronunciation Lesson
at an English Course Institute Pare – Kediri – East Java, named by ACCESS-ES.
In this book I explain what I get as long as I follow the guidance of learning
in the internship program.This book will share some important information that
will help you sound more like a true native speaker. Wish this book can
beneficial for you, and can help you to have a functional level in English
Especially.
Chapter
One
v
Pronunciation
When we learn about English
language we have to understand first about pronunciation, because it’s very
important. Pronunciation . And the meaning and the function of this think is :
· Meaning: Pronunciation is the way in wich language or
word is pronunced.
· Function: To avoid
misunderstanding when we talking or make conversation with native speaker.
Chapter
Two
v Vowel
In
this chapter you will learn how to accurately pronounce all of the main
American English vowel sounds.
·
Meaning:
Vowel is speech sound made without closing the air passage in the mouth or
throut.
·
Kind:
There are three kinds of Vowel those are :
1. Lax ( Short )
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of lax vowel
are : ( ə / I / ɛ / Ʌ / Ʊ / ɚ )
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2. Tense ( Long )
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of tense vowel are : ( ɑ / i
/ u / æ / ɔ )
| Phonetic Symbol | Examples | ||
| / ɑ / | Hot | Father | Lock |
| / i / | Bee | Me | Meat |
| / u / | Soon | New | Move |
| / æ / | Hat | Sad | Answer |
| / ɔ / | Cough | Small | Long |
3. Diphthong ( Glade)
Meaning : Diphthong is
compound of vowel sound.
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of diphthong
vowel are : ( eɪ / ɑɪ / oʊ / ɑʊ / ɔɪ / ɪə
/ eə / ʊə )
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Chapter
Three
v Consonant
In
this chapter you will learn how to accurately pronounce all of the main
American English consonant sounds.
·
Meaning:
Consonant is speech sound such as b, m, s made by stopping or restricting the
flow pf air from the lungs.
·
Kind:
There are two kinds of Vowel those are :
1. Voiceless
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of
voiceless consonant are : ( p
/ t / f / k / θ / s / ʃ / ʧ ).
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2. Voiced
The phonetic symbols and the sound of voiced consonant are : (b / d / v / g / ð / z / ʒ / ʤ / l / m / n / ŋ / r / w / y / h ).
| Phonetic Symbol | Examples | ||
| / b / | Bet | Robe | Ball |
| / d / | Den | Seed | Dog |
| / v / | Vault | Leave | Vowel |
| / g / | Glass | Bag | Gosh |
| / ð / | This | Breathe | There |
| / z / | Zinc | Prize | Zoo |
| / ʒ / | Pleasure | Massage | Messure |
| / ʤ / | Joke | Ridge | Jump |
| / l / | Love | Will | Yellow |
| / m / | Mom | From | Lemon |
| / n / | Noun | Fun | Any |
| / ŋ / | Going | Spring | King |
| / r / | Red | Four | Card |
| / w / | Win | Lower | Quiet |
| / y / | Yes | Mayor | Young |
| / h / | Happy | Behave | Who |
Chapter
Four
v Pop Sound
In
this chapter you will learn how to accurately pronounce all of the main
American English Pop sounds.
·
Meaning:
Pop sound is the last letter in
every word and we have to reflect it
·
Kind:
There are two kinds of Pop
sound
those are :
1. Voiceless
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of
voiceless Pop sounds are : ( p
/ t / k / ʧ ).
Eg
: Kick,
Protect, Puff.
2. Voiced
The
phonetic symbols and the sound of voiced
Pop sounds are : (b / d / g / ʤ).
Eg
:
Bird, Change, Add, Afraid
Chapter
Five
v Final Sound
In
this chapter you will learn how to accurately pronounce all of the main American
English Final sounds.
·
Meaning:
Pop sound is the last letter in
every word and we have to reflect it
·
Kind:
There are two kinds of Final
sound
those are :
1. S/ES
The
phonetic symbols and the rules of S/ES
Final Sound are :
| 1 | 2 | ||
| / p / | / b / | ||
| 3 | |||
| / t / | / d / | ||
| / f / | / v / | ||
| / k / | / g / | ||
| / θ / | / ð / | ||
| / s / | / z / | ||
| / ʃ / | / ʒ / | All Vowels and | |
| / ʧ / | / ʤ / | l, m, n, ŋ, r |
Rules
:
Ø We
can read by “S” when the final sound is column number 1.
Eg:
-
Speaks - Hats
-
Books - Foots
Ø We
can read by “Z” when the final sound is column number 2.
Eg:
-
Borrows - Reads
-
Markers - Solves
Ø We
can read by “Iz / Ez” when the final sound is column number 2.
Eg:
-
Washes - Coaches
-
Watches - Houses
2. D/ED
The
phonetic symbols and the rules of D/ED
Final Sound are :
|
Rules :
Ø We
can read by “T” when the final sound is column number 1.
Ex:
-
Watched - Helped
-
Walked - Stopped
Ø We
can read by “D” when the final sound is column number 2.
Ex:
-
Borrowed - Changed
-
Played - Solved
Ø We
can read by “Id / Ed” when the final sound is column number 2.
Ex:
-
Waited - Wanted
-
Decided -
Devided
Chapter Six
v
American
“T”
We can’t found it in british accent,we just found it
in American because American accent go with rhotic. We can divide American “T”
into 3 kinds, those are:
|
1.
Initial “T”
Explanation : We can read “T” by the true sound of the “T.
Example :
- Try ` - Take
- To - Time
2.
Midle “T”
There are three
kinds of Midle “T” those are :
I.
Special “T” :
Explanation : We can read “T” by the “(r) / soft (d)”, when
before and after “T” are vowel.
Example :
- Water - Pattern
- Beter - Bottle
II.
Silent “T” :
Explanation : We can make the sound of “T” silent, when before “T” is “N” and
after “T is vowel.
Example :
- Winter - Interview
- Internet -
International
III.
Syllabic “N” :
Explanation : We can blend the sound of “T” and “N” together, when between “T” and “N” is vowel.
Example :
- Important - Written
- Certain - Button
Chapter Seven
v
Word
Connection.
Ø ..... + vowel
= …..
- U
+ Vowel = W
Ø ex:
-
go
away - you and I -
do it
2. I + Vowel = Y
Ø ex:
-
the
end - the only -
I also
3. T + Vowel = d/r
Ø ex:
-
get out - out of - but I’m
Ø ..... + Y = …..
4. T + y =t∫
Ø ex:
-
- Won’t you - Not yet - What you
5. D + y =dӠ
Ø ex:
- Did you -
Would you - Could you
6. S + y =∫
Ø ex:
- I miss you -
Bless you - Yes you are
7. Z + y =Ӡ
Ø ex:
- Who’s your family -
How’s your class
-
Ø ….. + Consonant = …..
8. T + Consonant = Held
ex:
- What was -
Sit down - That was
9. Ө and ð + Consonant = Blend together
ex:
- With lemon -
With zeal - Both day
10. CONSONANT +
VOWEL
ex:
- Come on -
Hold on - Pick u p on
the american
11. H + preceded
by verb or auxiliary are usually silent
ex:
- Did he - Tell her - Keep her
ð+
preceded by verb or auxiliary are usually silent
ex:
- Tell them -
Ask them - Is that night
Chapter Eight
v
Link
Up
Lik
Up is making connection between two or more word.
v
Contraction
A
“contraction” is a word that is made shorter when it is linked to the word that
comes before it.
Note:
Do not use contractions in written language, unless the writing is informal.
Commonly
Contracted Words
1.
The Verb to be
I’m happy.
She’s American.
2.
Auxiliary Verbs
These
include be, would, will, and have.
He’s
working.
He’d
like to go.
I’ll
call you.
I’ve
been there.
3.
The Word not
Not
is contracted when it follows have, be, can, could, should, would, and must.
I haven’t been there.
I can’t do that.
q Practice with Contractions: will
1. I will do it. I’ll
do it.
2. You will like it. You’ll like it.
3. He will call you. He’ll call you.
q Practice with Contractions: would
1.
I would go. I’d
go.
2.
I would like some more. I’d
like some more.
3.
He would go if he could. He’d
go if he could.
q Practice with Contractions: had
Note
that this contraction sounds the same as the contraction of would.
1.
I had never seen it before. I’d
never seen it before.
2.
She had known about it. She’d
known about it.
3.
You had better fix it. You’d
better fix it.
q
Practice with
Contractions: have*
1.
I havebeen there. I’ve
been there.
2.
I havealready eaten I’ve
already eaten.
3.
Wehaveheard. We’ve
heard.
*Note:
Americans generally contract the verbhaveonly if it functions as an
auxiliary
verb.
For example wesay: “I’ve been” and “I’ve heard.” But if haveis the main verb,
we
don’t say,“I’ve a car.” Wesay,“I have a car.”
q Practice with Contractions: has
1.
She has left. She’s
left.
2.
It has been fun. It’s
been fun.
3.
He has already eaten. He’s
already eaten.
q Practice with Contractions: is
Note
that this contraction sounds the same as the contraction of has.
1.
He is working. He’s
working.
2.
She is a teacher. She’s
a teacher.
3.
It is hot. It’s
hot.
q
Practice with
Contractions: am
1.
I am fine. I’m
fine.
2.
I am from Japan. I’m
from Japan.
3.
I am student I’m
student.
q Practice with Contractions: are
1.
Weare waiting. We’re
waiting.
2.
Weare sorry. We’re
sorry.
3.
They are leaving. They’re
leaving.
q
Practice with
Contractions: not
1.
I cannot swim. I
can’t swim.
2.
I should not go. I
shouldn’t go.
3.
I do not like it.
I don’t like it.
v
Weak
Form
Weak form is the way that word is
pronounced when there is not stress on it. When a word is reduced weuse the
“weak form” of the word. The weak form is said more quickly and more softly.
The vowel becomes the schwa sound, /ɘ/. For example, the preposition forsounds
like “fur” or /fɘr/, and atsounds like /ɘt/. Let’snow practice using the weak
forms of some commonly unstressed words.
Practice
Sentences :
Ø To becomes /tɘ/
Ex
= I’d like to go. (I’d
like tɘ go.)
I
need to talk to you. (I
need tɘ talk tɘ you.)
I’d
like to go to the park. (I’d
like tɘ go tɘ the park.)
Ø And becomes /n/
Ex
=
bacon and eggs ( bacon ‘n’
eggs )
black
and white (
black ‘n’ white )
in
and out (
in‘n’ out )
rock
and roll (
rock ‘n’ roll )
Ø For becomes /fɘr/
Ex
= Let’s go for a walk. ( Let’s
go f fɘr a walk.)
Wait
for John. (
Wait fɘr John.)
This
is for Bill. (
This is fɘr Bill.)
I’m
looking for my book. (
I’m looking fɘr my book.)
Ø Can becomes /kɘn/
Ex
=
I can do it. (
I kɘn do it.)
You
can call me. (
You kɘn call me.)
Can
you swim? (
Kɘn you swim? )
When
can you come over? (
When kɘn you come over? )
Ø as becomes /ɘz/
Ex
=
It’s as big as a house. (
It’s as big ɘz a house )
I’m
as hungry as a wolf. (
I’m as hungry ɘz a wolf )
I’ll
call you as soon asI can. (
I’ll call you as soon ɘz I can )
Keep
it as long as you need it. (
Keep it as long ɘz you need it )
Ø Or becomes /ɘr/
Ex
= Is it this one or that one? (
Is it this one ɘr that one? )
I’ll
do it today or tomorrow. (
I’ll do it today ɘr tomorrow.)
I
saw it five or six times. (
I saw it five ɘr six times.)
I’m
leaving on Monday or Tuesday. (
I’m leaving on Monday ɘr Tuesday.)
Ø Your & You’re becomes
*yer
Ex
= Your ( *yer family )
You’re ( *yer handsome now )
Ø Yours becomes *yers
Ex
= I love yours ( i love *yers )
Ø Of becomes *a
Ex = A quarter of two ( quarter
*a two)
A lot of
money ( a lot *a money )
Ø You becomes
*ya
Ex = I’ll show you ( I’ll
show *ya )
Miss you ( Miss *ya )
Ø -ing
endings becomes -in
Ex = Watching movie (
watchin’ movie )
Say
something guys ( Say
somethin’ guys )
Ø What do you
& What are you becomes *Whaddaya
Ex = What do you think (
*whaddaya think )
What are you looking at ( *whaddaya looking at )
Ø Want to becomes *wanna
Ex = I want to kill you ( I
*wanna kill you )
we want to
buy juice ( we
*wanna buy juice )
Ø Going to + Verb becomes *gonna
Ex = I’m going to buy ( i’m *gonna buy )
It’s
going to be better ( it’s
gonna be better )
Ø Can becomes *kin / Can’t becomes *kant
Ex = I can do it ( I *kin do it )
I can’t
hide my feeling ( I *kant hide my feeling )
Ø Get becomes *git
Ex = We get some problem ( we *git some problem )
I get
headache ( I *git headache )
Ø To after a vowel sound becomes
*da
Ex = Try to find
girl ( Try *da find girl )
I want to
go access 5 ( I *wanna go *da access 5 )
Ø Got to becomes *gotta
Ø Have to becomes
*hafta
Ø Has to becomes *hasta
Ex = You’ve got to go to the school (
You’ve *gotta go *da the school )
We have to buy some fruits ( We *hafta buy some fruits )
He has to study hard ( He *hasta study hard )
Ø Used to becomes *useta
Ø Supposed to becomes *supposta
Ex = I used to play marble ( I *useta play
marble )
You aren’t
*supposta be here
Ø He becomes *’e
Ø His becomes *’is
Ø Him becomes *’im
Ø Her becomes *’er
Ø Them becomes *’em
Ex = When he got it ( when *e got it )
I buy his
laptop ( I buy *’is laptop )
You hate
him ( you
hate *’im )
I like her
smile ( I like *’er smile )
We have to
kick them ( we
*hafta kick *’em )
Ø Don’t know becomes
*donno
Ex = I don’t know (
I * donno )
We don’t know (
We *donno )
Ø /t/ + you becomes *cha
Ø /t/ + your becomes
*cher
Ø /t/ + you’re becomes *cher
Ex = Got you ( Got *cha )
I don’t want your parents angry with me
(I don’t want *cher parents
angry with me)
I know
that you’re
student here ( I know that *cher student here )
Ø /d/ + you becomes
*ja
Ø /d/ + your becomes
*jer
Ex = Could you take my towel ( Could *ja take my towel )
They told your experience ( They told *jer experience )
Ø Wh- question words + have becomes *’ave
Ø Wh- question words + has becomes *’as
Ø Wh- question words + had becomes *’ad
Ex = Who have your father been (
Who *’ave *yer father been )
Where has your father been (
Where *’as *yer father been )
When had she ( When *’ad she
)
Ø Subject + have becomes
*’ave
Ø Subject + has becomes
*’as
Ø Subject + had becomes
*’ad
Ø Subject + haven’t
becomes *’aven’t
Ø Subject + hasn’t
becomes *’asn’t
Ø Subject + hadn’t
becomes *’and’t
Ex = I have motorcycle (I ‘ave motorcycle )
She has many sisters (She ‘as many sisters )
I had planned (I *ad planned
)
I haven’t finished yet (I *‘aven’t finished yet )
She hasn’t (She *‘asn’t
)
We hadn’t planned fer that (We *”adn’t planned fer that )
Ø Should becomes *shoulda
Ø could becomes *coulda
Ø would becomes *woulda
Ø must becomes *musta
Ø may becomes *maya
Ø might becomes *mighta
Ø shouldn’t becomes *shouldna
Ø couldn’t becomes
*couldna
Ø wouldn’t becomes
*wouldna
\ Ex
= We Should sent email ( We *shoulda sent email )
You couldn’t studied ( You *couldna studied hard )
That would helped (
That *woulda helped )
There may been school back there (
There *maya been school
back there )
Ø What are you becomes *Whacha
Ex = What are you talkin’ about (
*Whacha talkin’ about )
What are
you lookin’ for (*Whacha lookin’ for )
Ø Let me becomes
*lemme
Ø Give me becomes
*gimme
Ex = Let me explain this case (*Lemme explain this case )
Give me some money please (*Gimme some money please )
Ø About becomes *’bout
Ø Because becomes *’cause
Ø Come on becomes *c’mon
Ex = This article talkin’ About (This article talkin’ *’bout )
Because we
are human being (*’cause we are human being )
Come on
play the game (*c’mon play the game )
Ø Do you want some becomes
Want some
Ø Are you going to see becomes *gonna see
Ø Would you like to becomes
Like to
Ø Have you seen the becomes
Seen the
Ex = Do you want some candy? (
Want some candy? )
Are you
going to do something? (Ya *gonna do somethin’? )
Would you
like to join us? (
Like *ta join us? )
Have you seen the Noah last night? (
Seen
the concert Noah last night? )
Ø Do you want some becomes
Want some
Ø Are you going to see becomes *gonna see
Ø Would you like to becomes
Like to
Ø Have you seen the becomes
Seen the
v
Clossing
Finally I can finish this book. Hopefully what has
been helpful to read, the thousands
hanks to the supervisors and management,
especially in the Internship Program, generally to the entire coaches in
ACCESS-ES, hopefully good deeds be accepted and rewarded by God the Almighty.
Ameen .....
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